Genetics in the Third Millennium
Volume:12 Issue: 1, 2014

Candida albicans، in the form of biofilm، is known as one of the most important human fungal pathogens and most studies are carried out on the genes responsible for biofilm formation in this fungal species. Vaginal infection is the most common infection among women. Evidences suggest that als1 and hwp1 genes play important roles in this type of infection، so the aim of this study was to evaluate als1 and hwp1 genes in Candida albicans isolates from patients with vaginal infections. 7 isolates were obtained from women with vaginal infection which were collected from various medical centers of Tehran in 2011 and 2012، using classic as well molecular techniques was identified and selected for our study. First، DNA was extracted and Multiplex PCR was performed using specific primers. The results indicated the presence of two genes als1 and hwp1 with the frequency of 57% and 28% in the strains، respectively. This study has shown that 50% of the isolates with als1 gene have hwp1 gene. It seems the presence of two genes als1 and hwp1 is an important factor in causing infection.

In current article، we consider this fact that camel has low susceptibility than hypertension and strong resistance to environmental toxicity. So we have done a comparison between camel and human in some families of CytP-450 genes، whichever of these particular features are correlated with each other’s. The sequences of genes are obtained of GenBank. The bioinformatics analyses have done with Laser gene، Bio edit، Mega and BlastP. The multiple alignments were revealed Thr، Pro and Phe that these are conserved entirely in the all isoforms. The most frequencies of amino acids with consensus sequences belonged to Pro، Gly and Phe. The differentiation of amino acid between similar isoforms of human and camel was observed evidently. This is probably due to mutation of genes for instance the CYP2W1 of human Ala، Val and Ser were substituted by Val، Leu and Thr in the CYP2W1 of camel respectively. We calculated the isoelectric pH of isoforms in camel were most (9. 6 for CYP2E1) and in human were least (8. 1 for CYP2E1). Tree diagram of phylogeny is based on maximum likelihood that it has revealed some isoforms of camel and human gene; these are located in the same sub clusters (CYP2C9، CYP2W1 and CYP1A1 for human with CYP2C92، CYP2W1 and CYP1A1 for camel respectively). The sequence homology and E-value had indicated. That is the maximum homology (83%) had belonged to CYP2W1 between camel and human. So we calculated the sequence homology of CYP2E1 between camel and cow (76%) was more than sequence homology in camel and human (68%). Meanwhile the cow genome was covered entirely with CYP2E1 than camel. Eventually، we consider the production of synthetic drugs and influential mutation is based on polypeptides structures of camel CYPs. These factors had known as increase of human resistance against of hypertension and environmental toxicity.

Antibodies are powerful tools to study the function، localization، and interaction of proteins. These molecules are also widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Antibodies are usually conjugated to fluorescent molecules for research and diagnostic purposes. If these fluorescent molecules are conjugated to a recombinant fluorescent protein، the combination is known as the fluobody. In this study، an anti-human CD4 single-chain variable fragment antibody fused to a green fluorescent protein was extracted from pAB1 plasmid with two restriction enzyme EcoRI and NcoI. Then، the fragment was cloned into pET26b plasmid in order to increase its expression، and the recombinant plasmid was then transformed into Escherichia coli. Insertion of this fragment into pET26b plasmid was confirmed by colony PCR and double digestion. Also، the expression of fluobody was confirmed by dot blotting. The expressed recombinant floubody is a bifunctional antibody which retains both antigen binding activity and its fluorescence simultaneously. Selection of an appropriate plasmid such as pET26b for high production of fluobody seems to be essential in order to obtain high levels of the protein.

Molecular subjects have an extending importance in biological investigations which their first step is nucleic acids extraction (DNA and RNA); in this case always a need for a rapid، safe and reasonable method for DNA extraction with a desirable quality and quantity is felt. In order to minimize the extraction steps، several different methods have been reported. The results of recent studies demonstrated that desirable extraction method should be selected based on its aim and function. Objective of this study was to compare the quality of quality and quantity of obtained DNA from salting out and phenol–chloroform methods. 80 sperm samples of Holstein bull were used in the trial. After DNA extraction، the spectrophotometer and agarose gel methods were used in order to determine the quality and quantity of extracted DNA. Least square means of quantity and quality of DNA in salting out method were 813. 27±114. 88 (ng/µl) and 1. 86±0. 013 respectively; and also were 175. 31±23. 16 (ng/µl) and 1. 57±0. 022 respectively in phenol – chloroform method. Electrophoresis results show that there was not any fraction in DNA samples. This study clarifies that DNA extraction using salting out method is more desirable than phenol – chloroform method; so it suggest that salting out method is more appropriate way for DNA extraction in molecular labs.

Studies in molecular genetics are having a great influence on our knowledge regarding the genetic analysis of the populations، phylogenetic relationships، and evolution and ecology of organisms. The use of the egg as a source of genetic material is a non-invasive sampling method that is applicable in a wide range of oviparous species. The aim of this study was to present an efficient method for extracting maternal (from egg shell) and offspring (from blastoderm) DNA from a single egg. One hundred and fifty specimens from Leghorn population (including 70 eggshells، 70 blastoderms، and 10 blood samples) were analyzed. The success of the DNA extraction was investigated using the LEI0258 microsatellite marker. This microsatellite is used for MHC genotyping. Furthermore، maternal and egg shell DNA correspondence was investigated by comparing the genotypes obtained from eggshells and blood samples. Offspring and maternal DNA was successfully extracted from all blastoderms and 78% of eggshells، respectively. We were able to obtain both offspring and maternal DNA from a single egg until 3 days of incubation but after that، the embryo’s DNA contaminated the maternal DNA present in the shell. Our results showed that the single-egg method could be successfully used for maternal and offspring DNA extraction in chicken.

In order to study the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle spraying on the expression of three genes RAS، PAL and TAT involved in the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid in Dragonhead، this nanoparticle was sprayed on the plants at the initial flowering stage at different concentrations (0، 10، 20، 30 and 50 ppm) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Plant seeds were cultivated in a greenhouse under controlled conditions. The experiment was carried out at University College of Agriculture، Tehran University. Twenty-four hours after treatment، leaf samples were taken from the different treated and control plants in three biological replicates at complete flowering stage، and kept at -80° C for further analysis. The samples were dried in the shade for a week for extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for determination of rosmarinic acid. The results showed a significant increase in the amount of rosmarinic acid when compared to the controls by which the content increased to 16. 78 mg/g extraction in concentration of 30ppm nanoparticle. The results of the expression pattern of the genes by qRT-PCR revealed that both RAS and PAL showed a similar behavior in all treatments although RAS was expressed more. TAT did not show a known pattern. It is noticeable that 30ppm nanoparticle was effective for gene expression and also to elevate the rate of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis.

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an epigenetic strategy through wich one X chromosome in mammalian female cells is silenced to balances X-linked gene quantity between male and female. Inactivation of the similar X is preserved during somatic cell divisions، resulting in mosaic females with cell populations incloudings one or the thesecond X active. The procedure is usually random such that approximately equal quantities of cells express each X chromosome. Cellular mosaicism prepares females with a noteworthy biological advantage. As a consequence of the variety of our genomes، if a mutation be present on the maternal X chromosome، then the paternal X chromosome is unlikely to also involve that. Therefore heterozygout female، due to X inactivation، only half the cells will represent this mutation. In contrast، males with identical mutation on their maternal X chromosome represent this mutation in 100% of their cells، because they only have the X chromosome from their mother. In the general population X inactivation pattern is normally dispersed; 10–20% of females have a skewed XCI model >80:20%. X-linked genes may play a role in higher sex ratio through uncommon skewing of XCI. X chromosome skewness has been reported in female carriers of neurological disorders such as X-linked mental retardation، adrenoleukodystrophy، autism and Rett syndrome. We focused here on recent comprehension of X chromosome skewness role in neurodevelopmental disorderand how Such conceptions will give guidance for different therapy.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and myelin destructive disease which involves the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). miRNAs are a new group of non-coding and small RNA molecules which control post-transcriptional gene expression. By now، the role of miRNAs in several important biological processes has been emerged including growth، cell cycle، development، differentiation، metabolism، and apoptosis. miRNA Expression profiling studies show that the expression of some miRNAs (such as miR-155 and miR-326) changes in the blood cells or brain lesions of multiple sclerosis patients in comparison with healthy subjects. Furthermore، it has been reported that deficiency of these miRNAs in animal models of multiple sclerosis can change the clinical symptoms of the disease. In this review article، we first explained the mechanism of biogenesis and function of miRNAs briefly and then review the most recent studies on miRNA expression profiling in multiple sclerosis patients، the possible targets of disregulated miRNAs and the possible ways through which they could participate in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease، which results from the substitution of glutamic acid with valine in codon 6 of the β chain of hemoglobin that causes the RBC deformity. Five different mutations in βs haplotypes have been shown that include: Benin، Senegal، Bantu، Cameroon and Arab-Indian. A close relationship between the incidences of HbS and malaria endemic areas has been found. It has been estimated that the prevalence of sickle cell trait and sickle anemia in southern Iran are about 1. 43 and 0. 1 %، respectively. The incidence of SCD in the center of Iran is 8%. Most prevalent area was in the south of Iran (Ahwaz) and Arab-Indian haplotype are the most haplotype. Co-inheritance of α-thalassemia and HbS cause in reducing the accumulation of HbS in RBC and hemolytic anemia does not occur. South-central Iran (Kerman) the co-incidence of α-thalassemia and HbS is about 57. 5%.

Genetic diseases have caused lots of mortality and morbidity so far. In recent decades، with the completion of the Human Genome Project، a great part of genome data has been collected and the diagnosis and treatment of some genetic diseases has become available. The progress of the science of medical genetics will cause some problems and ethical questions whose answers will challenge the future of the mankind. This literature review will discuss genetic diagnosis of the diseases، ethical issures، probable challenges، and their solution using remarkable medical genetic references without bias and prejudgment. The experts of medical genetics have developed a set of criteria for ethical issues. These rules have made a functional and behavioral pattern in genetic consultation، diagnosis، treatment، and management of genetic diseases. The most important principles are the patient’s priorities، benefit، autonomy، informed choice، informed agreement، confidentiality، and justice. Ignoring or deviating from any of these principles will harm the patients. Some examples are prenatal diagnosis and ethical difficulties، legal abortion، involvement of other family members، insurance، screening of genetic diseases، and social laws. The way these problems are addressed in the contex of medical genetics ethics depends on the cultural، social، and religious characteristics of different societies. The members of the medical genetic society play a key role in balancing the needs of the patients and their families and can help to increase the safety of genetic tests and confidentiality of patient information through teamwork with related sciences.